Water and related chemistry in the solar system. A guaranteed time key programme for Herschel     

P. Hartogh  E. Lellouch  M. Banaszkiewicz  E.A. Bergin  N. Biver  M.I. Blecka  D. Bockelée-Morvan  J. Cernicharo  G. Davis  P. Encrenaz  A. González  T. de Graauw  D. Hutsemékers  E. Jehin  M. Kidger  A. de Lange  D.C. Lis  J. Manfroid  R. Moreno  G. Orton  M. Rengel  M. Sánchez-Portal  S. Sidher  B. Swinyard  N. Thomas  B. Vandenbussche  C. Waelkens 《Planetary and Space Science》2009,57(13):1596-1606

“Water and related chemistry in the Solar System” is a Herschel Space Observatory Guaranteed-Time Key Programme. This project, approved by the European Space Agency, aims at determining the distribution, the evolution and the origin of water in Mars, the outer planets, Titan, Enceladus and the comets. It addresses the broad topic of water and its isotopologues in planetary and cometary atmospheres. The nature of cometary activity and the thermodynamics of cometary comae will be investigated by studying water excitation in a sample of comets. The D/H ratio, the key parameter for constraining the origin and evolution of Solar System species, will be measured for the first time in a Jupiter-family comet. A comparison with existing and new measurements of D/H in Oort-cloud comets will constrain the composition of pre-solar cometary grains and possibly the dynamics of the protosolar nebula. New measurements of D/H in giant planets, similarly constraining the composition of proto-planetary ices, will be obtained. The D/H and other isotopic ratios, diagnostic of Mars’ atmosphere evolution, will be accurately measured in H₂O and CO. The role of water vapor in Mars’ atmospheric chemistry will be studied by monitoring vertical profiles of H₂O and HDO and by searching for several other species (and CO and H₂O isotopes). A detailed study of the source of water in the upper atmosphere of the Giant Planets and Titan will be performed. By monitoring the water abundance, vertical profile, and input fluxes in the various objects, and when possible with the help of mapping observations, we will discriminate between the possible sources of water in the outer planets (interplanetary dust particles, cometary impacts, and local sources). In addition to these inter-connected objectives, serendipitous searches will enhance our knowledge of the composition of planetary and cometary atmospheres.  相似文献   

A Flume Experiment on the Adjustment of the Mean and Turbulent Statistics to a Transition from Short to Tall Sparse Canopies     

Anthony Seraphin  Philippe Guyenne 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,129(1):47-64

Water-flume experiments are conducted to study the structure of turbulent flow within and above a sparse model canopy consisting of two rigid canopies of different heights. This difference in height specifies a two-dimensional step change from a rough to a rougher surface, as opposed to a smooth-to-rough transition. Despite the fact that the flow is in transition from a rough to a rougher surface, the thickness of the internal boundary layer scales as x ^4/5, consistent with smooth-to-rough boundary layer adjustment studies, where x is the downstream distance from the step change. However, the analogy with smooth-to-rough transitions no longer holds when the flow inside the canopy and near the canopy top is considered. Results show that the step change in surface roughness significantly increases turbulence intensities and shear stress. In particular, there is an adjustment of the mean horizontal velocity and shear stress as the flow passes over the rougher canopy, so that their vertical profiles adjust to give maximum values at the top of this canopy. We also observe that the magnitude and shape of the inflection in the mean horizontal velocity profile is significantly affected by the transition. The horizontal and vertical turbulence spectra compare well with Kolmogorov’s theory, although a small deviation at high frequencies is observed in the horizontal spectrum within the canopy. Here, for relatively low leaf area index, shear is found to be a more effective mechanism for momentum transfer through the canopy structure than vortex shedding.  相似文献   

Ecophysiology of atmospheric moisture in the Namib Desert     

Joh R. Henschel  Mary K. Seely   《Atmospheric Research》2008,87(3-4):362

Although the Namib Desert is classified as hyperarid, with rainfall extremely rare, there are several other sources of atmospheric moisture, namely, humidity, dew and fog, which make it possible for organisms to live there. Methods to use these sources include locating moist micro-climates, drinking from wet surfaces, consuming moist food, collecting water on the body, and absorbing water vapour. In describing these mechanisms from published sources, we highlight the work of Professor Gideon Louw, to whom we dedicate this paper. Louw's pioneering work on water relations and economy, which includes osmoregulation in desert plants and animals such as grass, beetles, and springbok, established a foundation that inspired numerous studies by colleagues and students. Ecophysiology provides many more lessons that have potential to be mimicked and applied in the occult collection of water in arid regions.  相似文献   

Ambient air dry deposition and ionic species analysis by using various deposition collectors in Shalu, central Taiwan   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Chia-Chun Chu  Guor-Cheng Fang  Jhy-Cherng Chen  I-Cherng Lin 《Atmospheric Research》2008,88(3-4):212-223

This study describes the chemical composition of dry deposition collected at a highway traffic site in central Taiwan during daytime and nighttime periods by using a dry deposition plate (DDP) and water surface sampler (WSS). In addition, the characterization for mass and water-soluble species of total suspended particulate (TSP), both PM_2.5 and PM₁₀, was studied at the study site from August 22 to November 30, 2006. Dry deposition fluxes of ambient air particulates and inorganic species (Na⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻) were analyzed by Ion Chromatography (DIONEX-100).Results of the particulate dry deposition fluxes and mass concentrations are higher in the water surface sampler with respect to the dry deposition plate used in this study. Statistical results also showed the average dry deposition flux of the ionic species (Na⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻) obtained by the DDP and WSS displayed significant differences. Also, the average concentrations of Mg²⁺ and, Ca²⁺ were statistically the same at this study site.  相似文献   

Modelling the Baltic Sea ocean climate on centennial time scale: temperature and sea ice     

Daniel Hansson  Anders Omstedt 《Climate Dynamics》2008,30(7-8):763-778

This study considers the possible use of different kinds of forcing datasets in Baltic Sea ocean climate modelling on centennial time scales, in particular for the past half millennium. We demonstrate that high-quality station data of the past century and gridded multi-proxy reconstructions for the past 500 years can be used with great success but with various levels of detail. We also demonstrate that output data from the state-of-the-art global climate model EcHo-G are not suitable for modelling the Baltic Sea ocean climate. Two climate properties were studied: the annual maximum ice extent (MIB) and the vertically and horizontally integrated annual water temperature. Centennial time scale results indicate that the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries were the coldest centuries, while the 1690s were the coldest decade and 1695 the coldest year in the last 500 years. The results also indicate that the twentieth century was the warmest century with the least MIB of the last 500 years. On a decadal time scale, the 1990s, 1930s and 1730s were the warmest decades and comparable in terms of both water temperature and MIB. The year 1989 had the minimum observed MIB of only 52,000 km², implying that the Baltic Sea has been partly ice covered in all winters of the past half millennium. Even though different climate forcing mechanisms may operate on the climate system today compared to over the last half millennium, this study cannot clearly state that the region is experiencing climate change outside the natural limits of the past 500 years.  相似文献   

中国东部—西太平洋副热带季风和降水的气候特征及成因分析   总被引：13，自引：2，他引：11  

赵平  周秀骥  陈隆勋  何金海 《气象学报》2008,66(6):940-954

利用1981—2000年候平均NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和CMAP全球降水资料,分析了从中国东部大陆到西太平洋副热带地区季风和降水季节变化的特征及其与热带季风降水的关系,探讨了季风建立和加强的原因。夏季东亚—西太平洋盛行的西南风开始于江南和西太平洋副热带的春初,并向北扩展到中纬度,热带西南风范围向北扩展的迹象不明显。从冬到夏,中国西部和西太平洋副热带的表面加热季节变化可以使副热带对流层向西的温度梯度反转比热带早,使西南季风在副热带最早开始;从大气环流看,青藏高原东侧低压槽的加强和向东延伸,以及西太平洋副热带高压的加强和向西移动,都影响着副热带西南季风的开始和发展;初夏江南的南风向北扩展与副热带高压向北移动有关,随着高原东侧低压槽向南延伸,槽前的偏南风范围向南扩展。随着副热带季风建立和向北扩展,其最大风速中心前方的低层空气质量辐合和水汽辐合以及上升运动也加强和向北移动,导致降水加强和雨带向北移动。热带季风雨季开始晚,主要维持在热带而没有明显进入副热带,江淮梅雨不是由热带季风雨带直接向北移动而致,而是由春季江南雨带北移而致。在热带季风爆发前,副热带季风区水汽输送主要来自中南半岛北部和中国华南沿海,而在热带季风爆发后,水汽输送来自孟加拉湾和热带西太平洋。  相似文献   

Environmental impacts of urban growth from an integrated dynamic perspective: A case study of Shenzhen, South China   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Burak Güneralp  Karen C. Seto   《Global Environmental Change》2008,18(4):720-735

China is home to one-fifth of the world's population and that population is increasingly urban. The landscape is also urbanizing. Although there are studies that focus on specific elements of urban growth, there is very little empirical work that incorporates feedbacks and linkages to assess the interactions between the dynamics of urban growth and their environmental impacts. In this study, we develop a system dynamics simulation model of the drivers and environmental impacts of urban growth, using Shenzhen, South China, as a case study. We identify three phases of urban growth and develop scenarios to evaluate the impact of urban growth on several environmental indicators: land use, air quality, and demand for water and energy. The results show that all developable land will be urban by 2020 and the increase in the number of vehicles will be a major source of air pollution. Demand for water and electricity will rise, and the city will become increasingly vulnerable to shortages of either. The scenarios also show that there will be improvements in local environmental quality as a result of increasing affluence and economic growth. However, the environmental impacts outside of Shenzhen may increase as demands for natural resources increase and Shenzhen pushes its manufacturing industries out of the municipality. The findings may also portend to changes other cities in China and elsewhere in the developing world may experience as they continue to industrialize.  相似文献   

新疆水汽输送的气候特征及其变化   总被引：12，自引：5，他引：7  

史玉光  孙照渤 《高原气象》2008,27(2):310-319

利用1961—2000年NCEP/NCAR再分析逐日资料,分析了新疆地区对流层不同层次空中水汽输送特征。结果表明:地面~300 hPa每年平均有26114.8×108t水汽流入新疆,25647.7×108t水汽流出新疆,净水汽收入量为467.1×108t。由于三面环山的地形,新疆地区四季和年对流层中层水汽输送量最大,低层和高层接近。夏季水汽输送量最大,约占全年的38%,春、秋季相当,约占全年的23%~25%,冬季最少。近40年新疆年平均、春、夏和秋季空中水汽总流入量、总流出量为减少趋势,变化率很接近,且1976年后无明显变化趋势,使得净收支量无显著变化趋势。  相似文献   

青藏高原夏季降水的区域特征及其与周边地区水汽条件的配置   总被引：8，自引：5，他引：3  

冯蕾  魏凤英 《高原气象》2008,27(3):491-499

使用青藏高原地区97个测站1961-2005年6～8月降水总量及同期NCEP/NCAR月平均 u, v风、比湿和300 hPa位势高度等再分析资料, 首先使用旋转经验正交函数分解方法得到青藏高原夏季降水的4种主要分布类型, 之后利用相关分析方法, 分析了与4种降水类型匹配的水汽输送以及相应的环流背景, 最后使用合成分析对高原异常旱涝年的水汽输送和环流形势的差异进行了分析.结果表明, 青藏高原夏季降水的主要气候特征是南部与北部降水异常呈现相反分布的特征, 其水汽输送和环流形势配置差异显著.如果孟加拉湾海区向北的水汽输送和东部海洋向西的水汽输送加强, 同时乌拉尔山阻高强盛, 东亚从低纬至高纬呈现 " - "位势高度环流形势时, 有利于西南水汽输送并与来自东部海洋的水汽形成辐合, 造成高原夏季降水偏多, 反之降水则偏少.  相似文献   

气候变化和人类活动对石羊河流域水资影响评价   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

黄玉霞  王宝鉴  张强  王劲松  杨选雄 《高原气象》2008,27(4)

石羊河流域的年平均气温(最高、最低气温)自1951年以来总体呈上升趋势,增温速率为0.22℃/10a,增幅达1.2℃。1992年是年平均气温显著变暖的年份,与显著变暖前相比,年平均气温上升了0.85℃,低于近51年1.1℃的增幅水平。在近55年中,石羊河流域的年降水总体上在增加,出山口径流量在减少,流域尾闾民勤绿洲的地下水位在快速下降。气温显著变暖后,年降水量增加了约18.2 mm,增幅达5.8%,出山口径流量减少了4.1×108m3,民勤绿洲的地下水位下降了1倍~2倍。水资源变化的成因分析表明,出山口径流量的减少源自径流补充之一的上游山区降水的减少,而红崖山水库入库径流量的持续快速减少则是民勤地下水位快速下降的主要原因之一。受气候变化的影响,石羊河流域出山口径流量峰期有所提前,而人类活动严重地影响了石羊河流域中游地表径流利用量和下游可利用量分配比例。  相似文献